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There was the land of the Aztecs.

For centuries, the land that is now Mexico belonged to the Aztecs, who built towering pyramids, developed beautiful artistic works, and independently invented writing. Unfortunately, these innovations weren't enough to save them from faraway invaders, who would destroy their entire civilization in a few months and make the fall of the Aztecs our next turning point in history.

As you explore this slideshow, examine the boundaries of the Aztec Empire and its important cities and rulers.

A Mighty Empire

The Aztec Empire, 1519

In 1519, the civilization of the Aztec people in central America was at its peak. Known throughout the continent for their powerful armies, advanced architecture, and sophisticated artistry, the Aztecs were secure in the belief that their society would last for centuries.

Artists and Architects

Chocolate

Mesoamericans had independently invented writing, and their Aztec descendents valued education highly. They were also famous for their poetry and music, and their stadiums and pyramids were the wonder of South America. They even invented chocolate!

Montezuma II

Montezuma

The last real ruler of the Aztecs was called Montezuma (also known as Moctezuma II). He was said to be a strong figure, and he ruled his people from a rich and opulent palace in the heart of the city.

Enemies from Afar

Montezuma's Expansion of Empire

Montezuma had overseen the greatest expansion of the Aztec Empire (green area, above), and was no stranger to battle. What Montezuma didn't know, however, was that his ability to defend his people was about to be put to the ultimate test.

Question

What was Montezuma's Aztec Empire like before he clashed with Cortés?

The land of the Aztecs was sophisticated, rich, and complex, with advanced systems of education, art, and culture.