The country of Switzerland won its freedom from Austria in 1291. During this time, the leaders of three cantons, or states, worked together as the Swiss Confederation and fought wars against the Austrian Emperor. The strength of the Confederation convinced other cantons to join. By 1513, thirteen states belonged to the Confederation.

In 1515, Switzerland and France fought a war. France was defeated. Switzerland never again fought a foreign war because it claimed neutrality. In 1798, Napoleon’s armies occupied the country. When they were defeated, Europe formally recognized Switzerland as neutral. This means that Switzerland has not taken sides in wars and conflicts between other countries. In response, no other European country has invaded Switzerland.

Today, there are twenty-six cantons that make up Switzerland. Each of the states differs in language, religion, customs, and economy. The country recognizes that each canton should preserve its way of life. The states have control over their own regions. Any laws passed by the national Swiss government has to be ratified by popular vote if the Swiss citizens request. This practice gives each citizen direct control of the government.