The teachings of Confucius, which were collected and preserved by his followers after his death, are called The Analects of Confucius. They are a collection of aphorisms, or sayings, and historical anecdotes that illustrate the values of Confucianism, such as humaneness, propriety, piety, and a sincere interest in learning. The Analects cover both cultural and political topics and stress the importance of self-discipline and living in peace and harmony with others. In the second century B.C., Confucius' ideas had become the main ideology, or belief system, in China. Today, Confucius is still considered one of the most influential teachers in Chinese history, and many still practice Confucianism today.
Use the excerpts on the tabs below to take a closer look at The Analects of Confucius.
Excerpt 1
Excerpt 2
Excerpt 3
BOOK I
CHAPTER I
- The Master said, "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?"
- "Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?"
- "Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?"
CHAPTER II
- The philosopher Yu said, "They are few who, being filial and fraternal, are fond of offending against their superiors. There have been none, who, not liking to offend against their superiors, have been fond of stirring up confusion."
- "The superior man bends his attention to what is radical. That being established, all practical courses naturally grow up. Filial piety and fraternal submission!--are they not the root of all benevolent actions?"
What is the best way to describe the structure of The Analects of Confucius? Why is it written in this way?
It's written in the format of a teacher (a "master" or an important philosopher) sharing wisdom directly or asking somewhat rhetorical questions. (The correct answer to the question is always "yes.") Most likely the format and style are used to highlight the importance of learning and to demonstrate how students can show deference for those in positions of authority--two traits that are important in Confucianism.
CHAPTER VI
The Master said, "A youth, when at home, should be filial, and, abroad, respectful to his elders. He should be earnest and truthful. He should overflow in love to all, and cultivate the friendship of the good. When he has time and opportunity, after the performance of these things, he should employ them in polite studies."
CHAPTER VII
Tsze-hsia said, "If a man withdraws his mind from the love of beauty, and applies it as sincerely to the love of the virtuous; if, in serving his parents, he can exert his utmost strength; if, in serving his prince, he can devote his life; if, in his intercourse with his friends, his words are sincere:--although men say that he has not learned, I will certainly say that he has."
What culture-shaping concepts are discussed in this excerpt? Why are these concepts important to maintaining a functioning society?
Respect for family and elders, as well as devotion to family, friends, and country, are extolled in these excerpts. These are the kinds of concepts and values that are likely to result in a stable society with few changes to the status quo.
CHAPTER X
- Tsze-ch'in asked Tsze-kung, saying, "When our master comes to any country, he does not fail to learn all about its government. Does he ask his information? Or is it given to him?"
- Tsze-kung said, "Our master is benign, upright, courteous, temperate, and complaisant, and thus he gets his information. The master's mode of asking information!--is it not different from that of other men?"
What application might this teaching have for those who study Confucianism?
When they visit another country, they should ask politely about its customs and strive not to offend others who are different from them.
